2. EL 8
  3. varnish
  4. vmod_std(3)

Scroll to navigation

VMOD_STD(3) Library Functions Manual VMOD_STD(3)

NAME

vmod_std - Varnish Standard Module

SYNOPSIS

import std [from "path"] ;
STRING toupper(STRING s)
STRING tolower(STRING s)
VOID set_ip_tos(INT tos)
REAL random(REAL lo, REAL hi)
VOID log(STRING s)
VOID syslog(INT priority, STRING s)
STRING fileread(STRING)
BOOL file_exists(STRING path)
VOID collect(HEADER hdr, STRING sep)
DURATION duration(STRING s, DURATION fallback)
INT integer(STRING s, INT fallback)
IP ip(STRING s, IP fallback, BOOL resolve, STRING p)
REAL real(STRING s, REAL fallback)
INT real2integer(REAL r, INT fallback)
TIME real2time(REAL r, TIME fallback)
INT time2integer(TIME t, INT fallback)
REAL time2real(TIME t, REAL fallback)
BOOL healthy(BACKEND be)
INT port(IP ip)
VOID rollback(HTTP h)
VOID timestamp(STRING s)
STRING querysort(STRING)
BOOL cache_req_body(BYTES size)
STRING strstr(STRING s1, STRING s2)
TIME time(STRING s, TIME fallback)
STRING getenv(STRING name)
VOID late_100_continue(BOOL late)
BOOL syntax(REAL)
BOOL fnmatch(STRING pattern, STRING subject, BOOL pathname, BOOL noescape, BOOL period)


DESCRIPTION

vmod_std contains basic functions which are part and parcel of Varnish, but which for reasons of architecture fit better in a VMOD.

One particular class of functions in vmod_std is the conversions functions which all have the form:

TYPE type(STRING, TYPE)


These functions attempt to convert STRING to the TYPE, and if that fails, they return the second argument, which must have the given TYPE.

STRING toupper(STRING s)

Converts the string s to uppercase.
set beresp.http.scream = std.toupper("yes!");

STRING tolower(STRING s)

Converts the string s to lowercase.
set beresp.http.nice = std.tolower("VerY");

VOID set_ip_tos(INT tos)

Sets the IP type-of-service (TOS) field for the current session to tos. Silently ignored if the listen address is a Unix domain socket. Please note that the TOS field is not removed by the end of the request so probably want to set it on every request should you utilize it.
if (req.url ~ "^/slow/") {


std.set_ip_tos(0);


}


REAL random(REAL lo, REAL hi)

Returns a random real number between lo and hi. This function uses the "testable" random generator in varnishd which enables determinstic tests to be run (See m00002.vtc). This function should not be used for cryptographic applications.
set beresp.http.random-number = std.random(1, 100);

VOID log(STRING s)

Logs the string s to the shared memory log, using VSL tag SLT_VCL_Log.
std.log("Something fishy is going on with the vhost " + req.http.host);

VOID syslog(INT priority, STRING s)

Logs the string s to syslog tagged with priority. priority is formed by ORing the facility and level values. See your system's syslog.h file for possible values.

Notice: Unlike VCL and other functions in the std vmod, this function will not fail VCL processing for workspace overflows: For an out of workspace condition, the syslog() function has no effect.

std.syslog(9, "Something is wrong");

This will send a message to syslog using LOG_USER | LOG_ALERT.


STRING fileread(STRING)

Reads a file and returns a string with the content. The result is cached indefinitely per filename.
synthetic("Response was served by " + std.fileread("/etc/hostname"));

Consider that the entire contents of the file appear in the string that is returned, including newlines that may result in invalid headers if std.fileread() is used to form a header. In that case, you may need to modify the string, for example with regsub():

set beresp.http.served-by = regsub(std.fileread("/etc/hostname"), "\R$", "");


BOOL file_exists(STRING path)

Returns true if path or the file pointed to by path exists, false otherwise.
if (std.file_exists("/etc/return_503")) {


return (synth(503, "Varnish is in maintenance"));


}


VOID collect(HEADER hdr, STRING sep=", ")

Collapses multiple hdr headers into one long header. The default separator sep is the standard comma separator to use when collapsing headers, with an additional whitespace for pretty printing.

Care should be taken when collapsing headers. In particular collapsing Set-Cookie will lead to unexpected results on the browser side.

std.collect(req.http.accept);
std.collect(req.http.cookie, "; ");


DURATION duration(STRING s, DURATION fallback)

Converts the string s to seconds. s must be quantified with ms (milliseconds), s (seconds), m (minutes), h (hours), d (days), w (weeks) or y (years) units. If conversion fails, fallback will be returned.
set beresp.ttl = std.duration("1w", 3600s);

INT integer(STRING s, INT fallback)

Converts the string s to an integer. If conversion fails, fallback will be returned.
if (std.integer(req.http.foo, 0) > 5) {


...


}


IP ip(STRING s, IP fallback, BOOL resolve=1, STRING p="80")

Converts the string s to the first IP number returned by the system library function getaddrinfo(3). If conversion fails, fallback will be returned or VCL failure will happen.

The IP address includes a port number that can be found with std.port() that defaults to 80. The default port can be set to a different value with the p argument. It will be overriden if s contains both an IP address and a port number or service name.

When s contains both, the syntax is either address:port or address port. If the address is a numerical IPv6 address it must be enclosed between brackets, for example [::1] 80 or [::1]:http. The fallback may also contain both an address and a port, but its default port is always 80.

If resolve is false, getaddrinfo(3) is called using AI_NUMERICHOST and AI_NUMERICSERV to avoid network lookups depending on the system's getaddrinfo(3) or nsswitch configuration. This makes "numerical" IP strings and services cheaper to convert.

if (std.ip(req.http.X-forwarded-for, "0.0.0.0") ~ my_acl) {


...


}


REAL real(STRING s, REAL fallback)

Converts the string s to a real. If conversion fails, fallback will be returned.
if (std.real(req.http.foo, 0.0) > 5.5) {


...


}


INT real2integer(REAL r, INT fallback)

Rounds the real r to the nearest integer, but round halfway cases away from zero (see round(3)). If conversion fails, fallback will be returned.
set req.http.integer = std.real2integer(1140618699.00, 0); set req.http.posone = real2integer( 0.5, 0); # = 1.0 set req.http.negone = real2integer(-0.5, 0); # = -1.0

TIME real2time(REAL r, TIME fallback)

Rounds the real r to the nearest integer (see func_real2integer) and returns the corresponding time when interpreted as a unix epoch. If conversion fails, fallback will be returned.
set req.http.time = std.real2time(1140618699.00, now);

INT time2integer(TIME t, INT fallback)

Converts the time t to a integer. If conversion fails, fallback will be returned.
set req.http.int = std.time2integer(now, 0);

REAL time2real(TIME t, REAL fallback)

Converts the time t to a real. If conversion fails, fallback will be returned.
set req.http.real = std.time2real(now, 1.0);

BOOL healthy(BACKEND be)

Returns true if the backend be is healthy.

INT port(IP ip)

Returns the port number of the IP address ip. Always returns 0 for a *.ip variable whose value is 0.0.0.0 because the listen address is a Unix domain socket.

VOID rollback(HTTP h)

Restores the h HTTP headers to their original state.
std.rollback(bereq);

VOID timestamp(STRING s)

Introduces a timestamp in the log with the current time, using the string s as the label. This is useful to time the execution of lengthy VCL procedures, and makes the timestamps inserted automatically by Varnish more accurate.
std.timestamp("curl-request");

STRING querysort(STRING)

Sorts the query string for cache normalization purposes.
set req.url = std.querysort(req.url);

BOOL cache_req_body(BYTES size)

Caches the request body if it is smaller than size. Returns true if the body was cached, false otherwise.

Normally the request body is not available after sending it to the backend. By caching it is possible to retry pass operations, e.g. POST and PUT.

if (std.cache_req_body(1KB)) {


...


}


STRING strstr(STRING s1, STRING s2)

Returns a string beginning at the first occurrence of the string s2 in the string s1, or an empty string if s2 is not found.

Note that the comparison is case sensitive.

if (std.strstr(req.url, req.http.restrict)) {


...


}

This will check if the content of req.http.restrict occurs anywhere in req.url.


TIME time(STRING s, TIME fallback)

Converts the string s to a time. If conversion fails, fallback will be returned.

Supported formats:

"Sun, 06 Nov 1994 08:49:37 GMT"
"Sunday, 06-Nov-94 08:49:37 GMT"
"Sun Nov  6 08:49:37 1994"
"1994-11-06T08:49:37"
"784111777.00"
"784111777"

if (std.time(resp.http.last-modified, now) < now - 1w) {


...


}


STRING getenv(STRING name)

Return environment variable name or the empty string.

See getenv(3)

set req.http.My-Env = std.getenv("MY_ENV");


VOID late_100_continue(BOOL late)

Controls when varnish reacts to an Expect: 100-continue client request header.

Varnish always generates a 100 Continue response if requested by the client trough the Expect: 100-continue header when waiting for request body data.

But, by default, the 100 Continue response is already generated immediately after vcl_recv returns to reduce latencies under the assumption that the request body will be read eventually.

Calling std.late_100_continue(true) in vcl_recv will cause the 100 Continue response to only be sent when needed. This may cause additional latencies for processing request bodies, but is the correct behavior by strict interpretation of RFC7231.

This function has no effect outside vcl_recv and after calling std.cache_req_body() or any other function consuming the request body.

vcl_recv {


std.late_100_continue(true);
if (req.method == "POST") {


std.late_100_continue(false);
return (pass);


}
...


}


BOOL syntax(REAL)

Returns the true if VCL version is at least REAL.

fnmatch(...)

BOOL fnmatch(


   STRING pattern,


   STRING subject,


   BOOL pathname=1,


   BOOL noescape=0,


   BOOL period=0
)


Shell-style pattern matching; returns true if subject matches pattern, where pattern may contain wildcard characters such as * or ?.

The match is executed by the implementation of fnmatch(3) on your system. The rules for pattern matching on most systems include the following:

  • * matches any sequence of characters
  • ? matches a single character
  • a bracket expression such as [abc] or [!0-9] is interpreted as a character class according to the rules of basic regular expressions (not PCRE regexen), except that ! is used for character class negation instead of ^.

If pathname is true, then the forward slash character / is only matched literally, and never matches *, ? or a bracket expression. Otherwise, / may match one of those patterns. By default, pathname is true.

If noescape is true, then the backslash character \ is matched as an ordinary character. Otherwise, \ is an escape character, and matches the character that follows it in the pattern. For example, \\ matches \ when noescape is true, and \\ when false. By default, noescape is false.

If period is true, then a leading period character . only matches literally, and never matches *, ? or a bracket expression. A period is leading if it is the first character in subject; if pathname is also true, then a period that immediately follows a / is also leading (as in "/."). By default, period is false.

fnmatch() invokes VCL failure and returns false if either of pattern or subject is NULL -- for example, if an unset header is specified.

# Matches URLs such as /foo/bar and /foo/baz
if (std.fnmatch("/foo/*", req.url)) { ... }
# Matches URLs such as /foo/bar/baz and /foo/baz/quux
if (std.fnmatch("/foo/*/*", bereq.url)) { ... }
# Matches /foo/bar/quux, but not /foo/bar/baz/quux
if (std.fnmatch("/foo/*/quux", req.url)) { ... }
# Matches /foo/bar/quux and /foo/bar/baz/quux
if (std.fnmatch("/foo/*/quux", req.url, pathname=false)) { ... }
# Matches /foo/bar, /foo/car and /foo/far
if (std.fnmatch("/foo/?ar", req.url)) { ... }
# Matches /foo/ followed by a non-digit
if (std.fnmatch("/foo/[!0-9]", req.url)) { ... }


SEE ALSO


COPYRIGHT

Copyright (c) 2010-2017 Varnish Software AS
All rights reserved.
Author: Poul-Henning Kamp <phk@FreeBSD.org>
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright


   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright


   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the


   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGE.